7th Estonian Winter School in Computer Science (EWSCS)
VII Eesti Arvutiteaduse Talvekool (EATTK)
Palmse, Estonia
March 3 - 8, 2002
STUDENT TALKS AND ABSTRACTS
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* H.J.Strangeways@elec-eng.leeds.ac.uk
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* Categorical Modelling of GSOS Rules
Falk Bartels
CWI (Amsterdam), The Netherlands
Software Engineering
As stressed in the course of H-P Gumm, coalgebras of a (behaviour-) functor B are suited to model state based dynamical systems mathematically. But above that one often wants to construct such systems from constants and composition oper ators, a typical situation for algebras of a (signature-) functor S. This leads to the notion of a bialgebra, which consist of a state space with an S-algebra and a B-coalgebra operation on it.
One is now interested in bialgebras where these two operations interact in a specified way. As an example in the world of labelled transition systems, a constant "null" contained in the algebra should denote a process which cannot make transitions and the sequential composition "p . q" of two states p and q should describe a state which starts behaving like p but whenever p would terminate, it should continue by acting as q.
For transition systems it became popular to denote such specifications as rules in Plotkin's SOS style. Later people studied restricted rule formats which guaranteed desirable properties for the resulting models, like the famous GSOS rules. For their models it can be shown e.g. that the bisimilarity induced by the transition relation is a congruence for the operators.
Turi and Plotkin [1] gave a categorical description of GSOS rules as natural transformations called distributive laws. Their models are those bialgebras for which the algebra and coalgebra operations commute via these transformations.
For this abstract formulation one can prove a number of results elegantly like the existence of initial and final models, the mentioned result about bisimilarity being a congruence (both in [1]), the unique solvability of guarded recursive equations or the validity of the up-to-context proof principle for bisimilarity (both in [2]). Furthermore, it has recently been shown that a notion of a translation between specifications along with corresponding well-behavedness proofs can be given in this setting, which captures e.g. conservative extensions [3].
Apart from its elegance and unlike the standard formulation of GSOS rules, the categorical approach has the advantage of being parametric in the type of system behaviour under consideration. This makes it possible to transfer the results to other types of systems, like probabilistic transition systems.
The talk will present a simplified variant of the framework of Turi and Plotkin along with examples and sketch the proofs of some basic statements about its models.
References:
- Turi D. and Plotkin G. D. (1997), Towards a mathematical operational semantics, Proceedings of the 12th LICS Conference.
- Bartels F. (2002, to appear), Generalised coinduction, Journal of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science
- Watanabe, H. (2002) Well-behaved translations between Structural Operational Semantics, preprint (submitted)
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* Model Checking Embedded Control Systems
Juhan Ernits
Institute of Cybernetics at TTU,
Control Systems
The aim of the presentation is to put forth an example of model checking the properties of the designs of embedded control systems that are specified in terms of block diagrams of Control Components (CC). This is an elaboration of the Control Component (proto-)Pattern described in [2]. The concept of CC is an abstraction of components similar to those typically used in tools such as e.g. SimuLink and LabView.
The presentation includes formal definition of CC-s and analysis of their char-acter. Next, a short overview of abstraction methods typically used in model check-ing is given and the transformation from the domain of CC to the domain of Uppaal [1] automata network is shown.
The talk is illustrated by an example of an embedded system in terms of CC.
References
- Kim G. Larsen and Paul Petterson, Uppaal in a nutshell, Springer International Journal of Software Tools for Technology Transfer (1997), no. 1(1+2).
- Jüri Vain and Juhan Ernits, Model Checking in Pattern Based Control Systems Design, 2002, accepted to the 15th IFAC World Congress, Barcelona, Spain, July 21-26.
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* Structural Synthesis of Programs for Java
Vahur Kotkas
Institute of Cybernetics at TTU, ESTONIA
Computer Science
In the current talk an extension to the Java classes is presented, that enables automated program synthesis out of given specifications. Java classes are extended with high level specifications that can be automatically handled by a synthesizer program which performs the actual program construction. The structure of the synthesizer and its working principle is also discussed.
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* Convolution rings and related crypto schemes
Sven Laur
University of Tartu, Estonia
informatics
Most common drawbacks of asymetric cryptograpy are low efficiency and a difficult key generation. In recent years several efficient encryption and signing schemes were proposed. Some of them are related with convolution rings such as an encryption scheme NTRU which was followed by signing schemes NSS and NTRUSIGN.
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* leny@remolution.com
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* leny@remolution.com
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* leonardo68@gmail.com
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* Distributed Time-Stamping
Oleg Mürk
University of Tartu, Estonia
Institute of Computer Science
Until recently the constructions of time-stamping had design that consisted of one principal issuing timestamps. For this reason unresponsiveness or failure of one principal would lead to unresponsiveness or failure of the whole service. At best, failures could be detected later after some period of time (accountability). First attempt to improve the situation by using multiple distributed instances of time-stamping servers was made in [ABSW01].
The aim of our research is to construct robust and available time-stamping service (TSS) out of N simple autonomous distributed principals in such manner that the service remains functional as long as less than T principals fail arbitrarily. We have identified different environments, in which time-stamping service could operate: a world, where communication is asynchronous, but principals have access to a synchronized clock (absolute time-stamping) and a world, where principals do not have access to the clock (relative time-stamping).
We have constructed simple, available, robust, and efficient constructions for both absolute and relative time-stamping. Our construction of absolute time-stamping fails only if at least (N+1)/2 principals fail arbitrarily. Our construction of relative time-stamping fails only if at least (N+2)/3 principals fail arbitrarily.
Bibliography
- [ABSW01]
- Arne Ansper, Ahto Buldas, Märt Saarepera, and Jan Willemson. Improving the availability of time-stamping services. In Vijay Varadharajan and Yi Mu, editors, The 6th Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy, Sydney, Australia, volume 2119 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 360-375. Springer-Verlag, July 2001.
* busines_inform@inbox.ru
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* saimon89@gmail.com
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* saveli82@mail.com
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* Modelling of Organisations Using Agents
Raul Savimaa
Tallinn Technical University, Eesti
Computer Control Dept.
Modelling of Organisations using agents
Abstract. This paper briefly describes a methodology for modelling multifunctional non-profit organisations. Methodology stresses the importance of modelling both work processes and the structure of organisation, and suggests agent technologies as the basis for modelling the behaviour of work processes and the organisation. Methodology also supports quantitative assessment of organisation's performance in comparison with its goals and may assist in drawing up suggestions how to improve organisation's efficiency.
Problem description
Many organisations work in a dynamically changing environment. This means that their work processes and goals are to be modified often to meet the changing requirements and operating conditions. For example, the efficiency of organisation's performance becomes not satisfactory and the organisation may need to modify its sub-goals and inner structure. Also, the overall functioning goal of an organisation may change due to changes in the requirements of the society. In a large organisation there always is some ongoing adjustment for ways to achieve the goals, or for goals themselves. These modifications are often done intuitively, thus the results depend heavily on subjective capabilities of leaders. Organisations covered by this methodology are different multi-functional agencies from non-manufacturing domain, and non-profit organisations.
A tool that enables to forecast the effect of modifications would reduce the potentially harmful side effect of modifications, and to compare objectively the alternative re-organisation strategies. Such a tool is even more important since the restructuring is to be carried out “on-line”, i.e. without suspending the everyday activities. Quite often the modifications should be carried out without increasing day-to-day operating costs, only limited additional resources can be used for exceptional cases. It is suggested that simulation, combined with some theoretical analysis on a sufficiently powerful and regularly updated model of the organisation could form the basis of such a tool. This presentation will outline the main features of a process that leads to such a model.
2 Some preconditions for resultant modelling
There are three critical aspects that are to be appreciated when modelling an organisation.
First. Organisation's goals and capabilities (that result from resources and the way they are used) usually do not match. When giving tasks to organisation, normally the details of work processes are not specified. Also, in real life very seldom an analysis is made of whether the goals, capabilities and constraints are contradictory – i.e. are the tasks achievable. Quite often time constraints are not considered in models whereas the tasks leading to achieving goals are time-dependant. Therefore models should handle sufficiently sophisticated time category – not just for ordering activities.
Second. Resulting from the previous aspect, many lower level decisions during the execution of a task are left to structural units of the organisation. Each structural unit in an organisation has its own goal. The employees are personalities with their own wishes, opinions, and goals. It is important to match the goals of the organisation, its structural units and its employees, at least to certain extent. Any organisation is in principle non-deterministic since the actual behaviour on an employee is affected by many different reasons (for example – different interpretations of real situations, religious, ethical or moral beliefs, but also by personal interests, comfort requirements, and expected personal benefit).
Third. Organisations have to function continuously. To guarantee persistent support from models, the latter should be regularly updated.
3 Modelling of organisation and personnel behaviour using agents
Since the performance of organisations depends heavily on employees, one also needs a generic model for analysing their behaviour. This cannot be done using conventional algorithmic approach since the behaviour of employees, as well as that of a whole organisation is ongoing, determined by interactions, goals, existing knowledge and the ability to acquire new knowledge.
Models of interactive computing, and agent technology in particular seems the most suitable for this application. Agents are already used in many application domains, including teamwork modelling and collaborative man-machine decision-making. Principles of agent behaviour are quite similar to human ones. A suitable agent type seems to be BDI (belief-desire-intention)-agents.
Organisation, as well as its structural units should therefore be handled as multi-agent systems. Moreover, it is useful to handle each organisational unit (which consists of employees) itself as a multi-agent system.
4 Description of methodology
A model of an organisation is developed in four stages. The first stage (i.e. description of tasks faced by, and the existing inner structure of organisation) and last stage (implementation of organisational modifications, monitoring and evaluation of results) do not substantially differ from the standard approach. UML (Unified Modelling Language) is suggested to be used for describing the inner structure of the organisation and its tasks.
The second stage departs from the UML description and transforms it into multi-agent presentation. The Q-model is used for modelling of work processes and agents are used for modelling structural units and some individual employees. Special attention should be paid to analysis of timing bottlenecks and potential conflicts of interests inside of the organisation. The third stage provides support for formulation of proposals and for developing modification plans and. This stage uses various decision-making methods and applies the model resulting from the second stage for simulational studies.
Currently for analytical study and simulation of the Q-model LIMITS CASE tool is used, for study of agents' behaviour JADE tool is planned. Some examples are provided to illustrate some aspects of this methodology.
* sebastyn76@gmail.com
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* olegtro@geophys.spb.su
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* esa@sgo.fi
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* ptr@ufa.cas.cz
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* walker@ukzn.ac.za
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* http://bathroomvanitysales.info/bathroom/bathroom-vanities-c
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* aksphys_bu@yahoo.com
Trahktengerts Trahktengerts
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* grro@dnx.net
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* grro@dnx.net
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* trecci70@gmail.com
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* trevis78@gmail.com
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* http://replica0.info/replica-watches/the-best-rolex-replica.
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* tsuruda@gtl.isas.ac.jp
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* wsa@tut.by
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*
* taylor@mail630.gsfc.nasa.gov
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* ondrej.santolik@mff.cuni.cz
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* soloviev@OS1121.spb.edu
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* valentin77@gmail.com
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* valentin77@gmail.com
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* K.Yearby@sheffield.ac.uk
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* walt@nova.stanford.edu
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* vera83@mail.com
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* vera81@gmail.com
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* veronika76@gmail.com
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* A binary modal logic for the intersection types
Matteo Viale
Torino University (Italy), Italy
Mathematics
Looking for a suitable logic for the subtype relation between the types of the intersection types lambda calculus we developed a modal logic with a two-places modality.
We present here its main syntactical and semantical properties, that is, the completeness theorem, the finite model property, the cut-elimination theorem and a decision procedure for theoremhood and its relations with the intersection types.
It is interesting to note that the binary modality is a sort of implication for which the deduction theorem does not hold.
*
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*
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* victor81@gmail.com
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* victor25@gmail.com
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* victoriya85@yahoo.com
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* vaoletta785@gmail.com
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* vaoletta785@gmail.com
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* wall@moriagoo.com
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* walt@nova.stanford.edu
Walt Walt
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* H.J.Strangeways@elec-eng.leeds.ac.uk
Walt Walt
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Watch Watch
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* An efficient algorithm for generating time-stamping schemes
Jan Willemson
Tartu University, Estonia
Institute of Computer Science
As the result of several years of research in the field of time-stamping, a new class of time-stamping schemes was lately proposed by Buldas and Willemson, providing the smallest currently known linked time stamps for digital signatures. Although being efficient in the sense of time stamp size, their schemes are defined quite inconveniently for practcal implementation. Namely, the construction of the graphs in the family is recursive and hence the direct implementation algorithm should be recursive as well.
On the other hand, the ideology of time-stamping is step-by-step: the server waits for the request in some internal state, then changes the state by some computations, outputs the time stamp and waits for the next request. In order to guarantee the ability to continue the time-stamping history after server's crash, it must be easy to restore the internal state of the server, but this is rather complicated if the server works by a recursive algorithm.
Hence one needs to develop an equivalent non-recursive algorithm and this is the topic of the presentation.
*
Work Work
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*
Xana Xana
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*
Xana Xana
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* shin@cute.te.chiba-u.ac.jp
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* birbal@sancharnet.in
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* plasma@list.ru
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* esa@sgo.fi
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* ondrej.santolik@mff.cuni.cz
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* shvets@ire.kharkov.ua
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* satori@ggki.hu
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